By Nidal al-Mughrabi and Maya Gebeily
CAIRO/BEIRUT (Reuters) -Palestinians may be gratified to see American university campuses erupt in outrage over Israel's offensive in Gaza, but some in the embattled enclave are also wondering why no similar protests have hit the Arab countries they long viewed as allies.
Demonstrations have rocked U.S. universities this week, with confrontations between students, counter protesters and police, but while there have been some protests in Arab states, they have not been nearly as large or as vociferous.
"We follow the protests on social media every day with admiration but also with sadness. We are sad that those protests are not happening also in Arab and Muslim countries," said Ahmed Rezik, 44, a father of five sheltering in Rafah in Gaza's south.
"Thank you students in solidarity with Gaza. Your message has reached us. Thank you students of Columbia. Thank you students," was scrawled across a tent in Rafah, where more than a million people are sheltering from Israel's offensive.
Reasons for the comparative quiet on Arab campuses and streets may range from a fear of angering autocratic governments to political differences with Hamas and its Iranian backers or doubts that any protests could impact state policy.
American students at elite universities may face arrest or expulsion from their schools, but harsher consequences could await Arab citizens protesting without state authorisation.
And U.S. students may feel more motivation to protest as their own government backs and arms Israel, while even those Arab countries that have full diplomatic relations with it have been strongly critical of its military campaign.
When asked about the conflict, Arabs from Morocco to Iraq have consistently voiced fury at Israel's actions and solidarity with Gaza's embattled inhabitants, leading to muted Ramadan celebrations across the region last month.
Some rallies to support Palestinians have erupted, notably in Yemen where the Houthis have joined the conflict with strikes on shipping in the Red Sea.
And Arabs around the region have also shown their horror at the war and support for their fellow Arabs in Gaza on social media, even if they have not taken to the streets.
But whatever the reason for the lack of public protests, some people in Gaza are now drawing unfavourable comparisons between the tumult in the United States and the public reaction they can see in other Arab countries.
"I ask Arab students to do what the Americans have done. They should have done more for us than the Americans," said Suha al-Kafarna, displaced by the war from home in northern Gaza.
PUBLIC OPINION
In Egypt, which made peace with Israel in 1979 and where President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi has largely outlawed public protests, the authorities fear that demonstrations against Israel could later turn against the government in Cairo.
At state-sanctioned protests over the war in October, some demonstrators veered off the agreed route and chanted anti-government slogans, prompting arrests.
"One cannot see the lack of large public protests against the war and the muted reaction on the Egyptian street in isolation from a broader context of crackdown on all forms of public protest and assembly," said Hossam Bahgat, head of the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights.
At the American University in Cairo security forces are less likely to intervene on campus and there have been some protests. But a student activist there who requested anonymity said they could still face consequences for demonstrating.
"Being arrested here is nothing like being arrested in the U.S. It's completely different," he said, adding that there was "the factor of fear" preventing many from taking to the streets.
In Lebanon, where success in studies has become even more personally important to many young people after years of political and economic crises that have shrunk their shot at future prosperity, that calculation is even tougher.
Several students Reuters approached at campus protests in Beirut declined to be interviewed, saying they feared repercussions from university authorities.
The complex histories of Lebanon and other Arab states such as Jordan that host many Palestinian refugees also play into the question of public protests.
In Lebanon, some people blame Palestinians for triggering the 1975-90 civil war. Others fear any overt displays of support for Palestinians might be hijacked by the Iran-backed Hezbollah, which has been trading fire with Israel since the start of the Gaza conflict.
"The Arab world is not reacting like Columbia or Brown (U.S. universities) because they don't have the luxury to do so," said Makram Rabah, a history professor at the American University of Beirut.
Besides, he added, with public opinion already largely backing the Palestinian cause it was not clear what protests there would achieve.
"The dynamics of power and the way you change public perception are just different in the Arab world compared to the U.S.," he said.
For Tamara Rasamny, a Lebanese-American arrested and suspended for participating in a sit-in at Columbia a month before getting her degree, that reality has come home hard.
She was meant to deliver a speech at her graduation, and thought about whether it would have been more powerful to send a message there or through her possible arrest.
"And then I thought, my speech is literally about being brave, courageous and speaking up – so I thought if I'm not even listening to my own words, who am I to say anything? That was my logic, and it was worth it," she told Reuters from New York.
Rasamny said she knew it might not have been possible to express herself this way had she been at home in Lebanon.
"I feel in Lebanon it would be more frustrating to watch what's unfolding because there hasn't really been an outlet to do much about it - like take to the streets," she said.