By Huw Jones
LONDON (Reuters) - New European rules on online payments and banking due to go into effect on Saturday mark the start of a "slow burn" revolution that will prise open traditional retail banking and may force lenders to rethink their business models, regulators say.
The Payments Services Directive 2 (PSD2), which allows retailers and consumers to bypass banks by authorizing payments directly from personal accounts, among other things, aims to cut costs and increase choice by widening the range of firms offering financial services.
The European Union rules, which also reflect rapid advances in technology in banking like the use of smart phones, open the door to "fintech" online applications like Money Dashboard, Plum and Moneybox, as well as established retail giants like Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN), Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL), Facebook (NASDAQ:FB) and Google (NASDAQ:GOOGL).
"The development of the market is likely to be a slow burn," said Karina McTeague, director of retail banking supervision at Britain's regulator, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). "We, like everyone in this industry, don't know exactly which direction it will go."
Industry experts said the directive would likely have enormous implications for traditional retail banks.
Although firms with PSD2 licenses will not be authorized to take deposits or make loans, bypassing the banks means debit or credit cards will not be necessary for most of their customers' online transactions.
Customers will also be able to authorize firms to access their accounts to help them manage their finances, for example by guiding them to the cheapest points of credit and consolidating data from accounts with more than one bank, which banks have resisted up until now.
"PSD2 is a revolutionary piece of regulation that is likely to signal the end of the high street bank in the medium-to-long term," said Michael McKee, head of financial services regulation at international law firm DLA Piper.
The FCA said it has received 40 license applications for PSD2 services in Britain. As many as a dozen could be in place by Saturday, it said.
The directive puts the EU at the forefront of efforts to disrupt the central role of banks in how people pay for goods and services online and encourage competition by giving customers the right to share their account data.
Fintech startups in the United States have argued that a little-known provision in the Dodd-Frank Act gives them the right to source data from their customers’ accounts, but say some banks have been slow to comply.
OPEN BANKING
The "open banking" system may take a while to gain momentum with the public.
British government efforts to make it easier to switch bank accounts have had limited success due to customer inertia, for example. Another difficulty is convincing customers that their bank account data is safe in the hands of outside firms.
"It will be a challenge for all existing banks and payments firms, given their responsibilities to protect information, to properly and promptly handle requests for access to customer data from new open banking portals," said Tim Dolan, a regulation lawyer at Reed Smith.
Steve Tigar, CEO of Edinburgh-based personal financial management service Money Dashboard, said the new rules will help their business by establishing trust.
"Using a service like Money Dashboard will become commonplace as opposed to the sole domain of early adopters," he told Reuters.
The Bank of England has said direct payment and account services firms could become the future "face" of day-to-day banking, effectively turning traditional retail banks into vaults.
That represents a challenge for banks. A BoE stress test of top UK lenders last year said PSD2's feature of finding the cheapest credit could mean banks will lose revenue from charging for overdrafts, for example.
Income from processing payments and overdrafts currently contribute 800 million pounds and 2.6 billion pounds respectively to annual pre-tax profits of the major UK banks, the BoE said.
That's a relatively small amount compared to the 2016 pre-tax profit of 3.2 billion pounds at just one bank, Barclays (LON:BARC). But banks may also have to spend more on marketing to attract and retain customers in face of increased competition, the BoE says.
"I think the days of when you have a big bank and it provides all the touch points to that financial services organization and provides you with all the product sets, and keeps you captive, are gone," said Anne Boden, CEO of upstart Starling Bank. "PSD2 could change banking forever."
Reed Smith's Dolan said there is nothing to stop banks competing in the same space. HSBC has already said it will launch a new app to aggregate bank accounts.
"We are expecting a mixed market to develop here with both small firms challenging and larger players offering these services to their customers for the first time," said Christopher Woolard, the FCA's executive director of strategy and competition.
The FCA this year is reviewing the business models of retail banks to see if they are sustainable, and will include the impact of PSD2 as an added consideration.
Britain's plan to leave the EU next March will not affect the implementation of PSD2 because all of the EU's financial rules will be incorporated into UK law.