By Vera Eckert and Tom Sims
FRANKFURT (Reuters) - Germany, largely dependent on Russian gas to fuel its export-led economy and to keep homes warm, is bracing for a possible total halt in Russian supplies if Moscow steps up its use of gas as an economic weapon against the West while it wages war in Ukraine.
Already down since last year, Russian gas flows slowed further through the important Nord Stream 1 pipeline this month, and Berlin has moved to the second of three stages of its supply emergency plan.
Industry executives and economists are scrambling to figure out how Europe's largest economy will fare in the coming months and beyond, and where it is especially vulnerable.
Germany is known for its cars, and its machine tools fill factories throughout China, but sectors likely to be hardest hit are also its glass and chemicals industries.
Below are five charts that illustrate Germany's exposure:
1. The Nord Stream 1 pipeline from Russia through the Baltic Sea is the most important direct gas route into Germany, and flows are already down to 40% of capacity, with Russia citing trouble with turbines and sanctions.
There is concern that a planned routine maintenance period could mean the pipeline closes for good against the background of the hostilities.
In that event, storage caverns could not be filled in time for the winter heating season, which is just three months away.
Slower flow https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/gdvzygajypw/chart.png
2. It's not just Germany. Gas flows to Europe are also curtailed via routes linking Russia with Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Austria via Ukraine and on another route through Belarus and Poland.
Gas to Europe https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/lbvgnxmaypq/chart.png
3. German industry, which includes titans like Volkswagen (ETR:VOWG_p) and Siemens, is the biggest consumer of gas, but half of all households, which heat with gas, aren't far behind.
Emergency plans say homes should be prioritised if the state is forced into rationing, alongside hospitals and essential services, but there are also calls to make households part of savings programmes.
Gas sales by customer group https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/lbpgnxwywvq/chart.png
4. Within the industries consuming gas for their processes, Germany's chemical sector is the biggest single consumer. According to Moody's (NYSE:MCO), BASF alone uses 4% of Germany's gas at its Ludwigshafen site.
"In a scenario of reduced gas availability, European chemicals producers could face at least two winters with tight gas supplies," Moody's Investors Service said in a research note, adding costs would go up as well.
Gas use by industry https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/gdpzygnaqvw/chart.png
5. In the grimmest scenario, a complete halt to Russian natural gas exports could cost Germany 12.7% of economic performance in the second half of 2022, according to the Bavarian vbw industry association. That would translate into 193 billion euros ($203 billion) in total economic losses.
Germany is famous for its cars, but the industries that stand to see their activities most curtailed by lack of gas include glass, iron and steel, ceramics, food and printing, with vast knock-on effects to other sectors.
Hardest-hit industries https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/egpbkgbzgvq/chart.png