By Howard Schneider
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - As part of its battle against inflation and a return to more normal monetary policy, the U.S. Federal Reserve is approaching a decision to reduce its balance sheet, https://graphics.reuters.com/USA-FED/BALANCESHEET/byprjmwezpe/index.html which has roughly doubled in size during the pandemic to nearly $9 trillion.
It's a huge stockpile that has been helping hold down longer-term interest rates - including the mortgage rates households worry about when they buy a home - and which influences a wide range of asset and other prices in the economy.
It has been a long journey to a balance sheet that big, and it will be a long trip back to whatever level of assets the Fed decides is "normal" for it to hold.
For most of the Fed's history its footprint in government bond and securities markets was small and steady. That changed in 2007 when the central bank first relied on "quantitative easing," or the purchase of large amounts of government debt as a way to funnel cash into the financial system.
The balance sheet has evolved since then in distinct stages, and officials are about to open the next chapter as they debate how fast to pull back from the key markets for U.S. Treasury bonds and mortgage-backed securities.
The prospect, along with Fed plans to raise its short-term policy rate as well, is already prompting financial markets to reprice the rates that households, companies and the government itself pay to borrow money.
Rising rates https://graphics.reuters.com/USA-FED/RATES/zgpomaxjqpd/chart.png
Policymakers haven't decided how fast to make the drawdown this time. Fed Chair Jerome Powell has said only that they will go faster, though the endpoint also remains unclear. The last time the Fed attempted "quantitative tightening" it pulled a maximum of $50 billion a month from the financial system.
Analysts are penciling in bigger numbers, with Oxford Economics Chief U.S. Financial Market Economist Kathy Bostjancic anticipating a $90 billion per month pace.
"The financial system can tolerate an accelerated reduction in the Fed’s holdings of securities," with perhaps $1.8 trillion of "excess liquidity" sloshing through the financial plumbing, she wrote this week. "We look for the Fed to be aggressive."