LONDON (Reuters) - The persistent and damaging debt problems gripping a number of developing world nations will be a core topic during the G20 summit in Delhi next month.
Below is a look at countries currently facing problems.
ZAMBIA
Zambia was the first African country to default during the COVID-19 pandemic and after a long-awaited burst of progress in recent months finally looks to be closing in on a repair plan.
In June, it clinched a $6.3 billion debt rework deal with the "Paris Club" creditor nations and its other big bilateral lender China. The details are still being worked on, but the government also hopes to reach a deal in the coming months with the international funds that hold its unpaid sovereign bonds.
The progress has also been cheered as a success for the struggling G20 Common Framework initiative, which was set up during the pandemic to try to streamline debt restructurings but has been hard to make work in practice.
SRI LANKA
Sri Lanka announced a debt overhaul plan at the end of June and has continued to make progress since, albeit not everywhere.
Nearly all holders of its domestic, dollar-denominated Sri Lanka Development Bonds (SLDBs) agreed to exchange their bonds into five new Sri Lankan rupee-dominated notes that will mature between 2025 and 2033.
Another part of the domestic debt plan has faced delays, though, with a key deadline on a Treasury bond exchange delayed three times and now set for Sept. 11.
Central bank chief Nandalal Weerasinghe has said the country's big foreign creditors such as India and China are awaiting the conclusion of the domestic debt operation before continuing discussions.
He said negotiations will be held in parallel with the first review of its $2.9 billion International Monetary Fund (IMF) bailout programme due from Sept. 14-27. Failure to complete the domestic debt overhaul by then could result in delays both in terms of IMF disbursements and talks with creditors.
GHANA
Ghana defaulted on most of its external debt at the end of last year. It is the fourth country to seek a rework under the Common Framework and is aiming to reduce its international debt payments by $10.5 billion over the next three years.
Its progress has been relatively swift compared to the likes of Zambia. The government recently agreed to tackle roughly $4 billion of its domestic debt via a pension fund debt swap operation and a dollar-denominated bonds exchange.
It has sent a restructuring plan to its "official sector" - wealthier government - creditors and its finance minister has said he also expects to reach a deal with the country's bondholders by the end of the year.
The funds know it will require them to write off money but hope it could also include a "recovery instrument" that would mean Ghana pays back more of that money over time if its economy recovers quickly.
PAKISTAN
Pakistan needs upwards of $22 billion to service external debt and pay other bills for fiscal year 2024.
A caretaker administration is in charge until an election that must take place by November. Inflation and interest rates are at historic highs, and it is struggling to rebuild from devastating 2022 floods.
In June, it reached an 11th-hour deal with the IMF for a $3 billion bailout, and Saudi Arabia and the UAE followed with $2 billion and $1 billion cash infusions.
Reserves, which had fallen to $3.5 billion, had rebounded to $7.8 billion by late August. Observers say it could have enough to make it to the elections but there are major questions about how long it will be able to avoid default without huge support.
TUNISIA
The North African nation, reeling from multiple hits since a 2011 revolution, is facing a full-blown economic crisis.
Most debt is internal but foreign loan repayments are due later this year and credit ratings agencies have said Tunisia could default.
President Kais Saied has slammed the terms required to unlock $1.9 billion from the IMF as "diktats" that he will not meet.
Saudi Arabia pledged a $400 million soft loan, and a $100 million grant, but the tourism-dependent economy continues to grapple with shortages in imported food and medicine. The European Union has offered about 1 billion euros ($1.1 billion)in support but that appears to be mostly pegged to the IMF deal or reforms.
EGYPT
Egypt remains another of the big countries seen as at risk of falling into trouble.
North Africa's largest economy has around $100 billion of hard currency - mainly dollar-denominated - debt to pay over the next five years, including a meaty $3.3 billion bond next year and the government spends over 40% of its revenues just on debt interest payments.
Cairo has a $3 billion IMF programme and has devalued the pound by roughly 50% since February 2022. But a privatisation plan is still on the go-slow and last month it veered away from its IMF plan by saying it would keep subsidised electricity prices unchanged until January.
Some of its government bonds are changing hands at half their face value and analysts think a key factor in whether it can get back on track is the amount of support wealthy Gulf nations such as Saudi Arabia provide going forward.
EL SALVADOR
El Salvador has shifted from doom and default to bond market darling, propelled by two surprise debt buybacks and the appointment of a former IMF official as adviser to the finance ministry.
In summer 2022, its 2025 eurobond fell to just under 27 cents on the dollar, weighed down by high debt service costs and worries over its financing plans and fiscal policies.
The same bond traded at 91.50 cents on Aug. 31, and its debt-to-GDP ratio stood at 77% in December, the lowest since 2019, and is forecast to drop another percentage point this year, according to Refinitiv data.
Its now relatively light debt repayment schedule through 2027, and the sky-high popularity of President Nayib Bukele, has assuaged fears the country could default.
KENYA
The East African nation's public debt stands at nearly 70% of GDP, according to the World Bank, putting it at high risk of debt distress.
President William Ruto's government has moderated spending and proposed a raft of tax hikes, assuaging some concerns of an imminent default.
The African Development Bank is in talks with Kenya over $80.6 million to help it plug its financing gaps this year, and it is also discussing budgetary support from the World Bank.
But concerns remain; Ruto's political opposition has opposed many of his tax hikes, and protests have forced him to pause some reforms, such as fuel subsidy cuts.
UKRAINE
Ukraine froze debt payments in 2022 in the wake of Russia's invasion. It has said it is likely to decide early next year whether to try to extend that agreement or begin looking at potentially more complex alternatives.
Top institutions estimate the post-war rebuild cost will be at least 1 trillion euros, and the IMF estimates Ukraine needs $3-$4 billion a month to keep the country running.
If the war with Russia is not won or at least eased to a much lower intensity by next year, its debt restructuring dilemma will also have to factor in the November 2024 U.S. Presidential election and the degree of support it would receive should Donald Trump or another Republican candidate win office.
LEBANON
Lebanon has been in default since 2020 with few signs its problems will be resolved any time some.
The IMF has issued stark warnings, but one bit of progress in the last couple of months has been a proposal by the central bank to lift the long-time peg on the country's local currency,
($1 = 0.9222 euros)