It looks so easy on paper. China can sell its holdings of U.S. Treasuries and/or weaken the yuan to offset the tariffs and boost exports. It is the first and easy answers from strategists, journalists and some academics. Often times, it is presented a novel idea; as if diplomats, investors and policymakers have not thought of it.
The point is not that China cannot sell its Treasury holdings or that it can't devalue the yuan. The point that has already been explored, arguably ad nauseam, is that the costs are too high. It is these costs that are often under-appreciated by the "no Grandpa, this is the way you drink tea" crowd.
A common refrain is that China can sell its holdings of U.S. Treasuries. Imagine, Xi says to Trump, reduce the tariffs or we are going to sell all of the U.S. Treasuries we own, which is a bit more than $1.3 trillion. What would Trump be advised to do? Nothing. China cannot blackmail the U.S. like that. The dollar-bond markets in general and the Treasury market in particular is bigger than China.
The market can absorb the selling, and if needed the Federal Reserve could help. Trump has already called on the Fed to resume its asset purchases. The sharp decline in U.S. yields in recent weeks means that there is a strong demand for Treasuries, despite the size of the deficit and lukewarm participation in some recent auctions.
China would not be able to harm the U.S. in this way, but it would be harming itself. As it tried to sell its Treasury holdings, it would move the market in the first instance against it, undermining the value of the rest of its holdings. Ok, so China gets out of its Treasury holdings, which is where much of the analysis ends, what then? What does it do with its proceeds? Yes, it has been buying gold, but that is hardly sufficient. Its Treasury holdings are worth around five year's worth of gold production (~3200 tons at $64 mln per ton).
The People's Bank of China would probably seek another bond market, but it would have to give up yield, security and or transparency. Consider that biggest alternative sovereign bond markets, Japan and Germany. Their yields are negative through 10-year maturities. There have been sessions in which Japan's benchmark 10-year bond does not trade. Japanese investors bought almost as many French bonds in March (~$28.5 bln) as they did in the previous 11 months, but the French bond market could not handle a trillion dollar inflow, and the yield curve is already negative out seven years.
Nor are we convinced that China is simply sitting with its Treasury holdings and collecting the coupon. Directly or indirectly, the Treasury holdings, like the PBOC dollar holdings also serve domestic purposes. China's external debt is estimated at around $2 trillion. Short-term debt is about 60%, which means that something on the magnitude of $1.2 trillion has to be refinanced this year and the bulk is thought to be in dollars.
China could drive the value of the yuan down. The cost to do this is also high, which explains why China has not done it for a quarter of a century. A purposeful devaluation would undermine China's other policy goals such as increasing the international use of the yuan and encouraging businesses to move up the value-added chain. A depreciating currency also feeds through to domestic price levels, and rising inflation could limit the PBOC's room to maneuver.
Like other observers, Trump anticipates the PBOC to ease policy in the face of the new tariffs, which do not apply to the goods in transit. Trump used its bludgeon in his fight with the Fed to ease rates, claiming if the Fed were to follow suit, the trade war would be won. There is scope for China to reduce its required reserves, which means liquidity without cutting interest rates (volume, not price), perhaps before the end of the quarter. If the yuan falls as a result of real or anticipated changes in monetary policy, or a result of a more significant risk-off shift, it is less problematic than it was the direct goal.
A slightly weaker yuan has little impact on China's economy or the relative attractiveness of exports. To offset a 25% tariff requires more than a 25% currency devaluation because Chinese exports are import-intensive and the value-added actually incurred in yuan varies of course, but on many consumer goods and electronics, it is estimated at less than a third. Chinese policymakers have indicated their comfort with the dollar trading between about CNY6.70 and CNY7.0. The lower end was frayed a bit, though the dollar closed below CNY6.70 only a handful of times this year. The CNY7.0 area capped the dollar in late 2016/early 2017 and again in Q4 18.